Riskware refers to legitimate software that poses potential risks due to security vulnerabilities, software incompatibilities, or legal violations. These risks often involve malicious cyber criminals exploiting programs that manage sensitive data or perform administrative tasks. Misuse of riskware can lead to data theft, system hijacking, or disruptions.
Although these programs are not inherently malicious, they contain functions that can be exploited for harmful purposes. When used with malicious intent, riskware can be classified as malware. This ambiguity in safety makes managing riskware particularly challenging.
Unfortunately, cybersecurity measures cannot fully handle these threats for you. Antivirus solutions leave the decision-making to you to avoid damaging your system and removing tools you wish to retain. Therefore, it is crucial for you to be aware of the risks associated with the software on your system.
How Riskware Works
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Riskware refers to programs that provide special functions at the expense of security or legality.
Typically, computer programs require some level of system access to operate. Certain software needs more extensive access to a computer’s data or functions.
Software with advanced functionality offers valuable tools and features to users and technical support staff, such as user monitoring, personalization, and modifying applications to streamline use.
However, using such software can pose risks, particularly when sensitive data is involved or unethical practices are employed.
This risky software generally makes systems or users vulnerable in two main ways:
- Data and program exploits due to program misuse or data breaches.
- Legal risks due to privacy violations or illegal attempts to modify programs.
Riskware typically uses the following functions:
- Access to the system kernel (core data)
- Access to crucial system operation areas (registry, internet protocols, etc.)
- Access to data-gathering hardware (GPS, microphone, camera, etc.)
- Modifying programs (changing code, disabling features, etc.)
Riskware can only be clearly defined as “compromised” or “misused” if it is being used in an illegal, unethical, or unintended manner.
For example, weather apps use GPS data to provide real-time weather updates at your location. If a security vulnerability allows malicious criminals to hijack the app and track your location, this constitutes misuse. While weather apps themselves are not illegal or malicious, their abuse classifies them as riskware.
Due to the varied nature of riskware, the levels of risk differ. Understanding more about different types of riskware will help you assess the threats posed by your software.
Types of Riskware
An exhaustive list of riskware types is impractical because many programs can pose risks. However, riskware malware often includes programs such as:
- Remote support utilities
- Internet relay chat (IRC) clients
- Dialer programs
- File downloaders
- Computer activity monitoring software
- Password management utilities
- Internet server services (FTP, web, proxy, telnet)
- Auto-installers
Instead of focusing on specific types of riskware, it is more effective to categorize them based on the risks they introduce. Generally, riskware can be grouped according to the types of risks they pose to computers and mobile devices.
Software that Creates Unneeded Vulnerabilities
Modifying software or using external programs to circumvent its original design can disable built-in safety features.
For instance, fraudulently licensed copies of paid operating systems like Windows do not receive security patches. To avoid having the illegitimate license invalidated, such software disables all interactions with the software vendor’s servers. This prevents updates, including those that fix security vulnerabilities identified by the vendor.
Poorly designed or outdated software can also create security gaps in your device. If a program is not coded and tested with security in mind, it may become an easy target for hackers. Similarly, outdated software that is no longer supported with security fixes also becomes an ideal target for malicious criminals.
Software that Violates Laws
Software that breaks the laws of your region can also be considered riskware. However, many types of software operate in a legal grey area depending on their use.
For instance, surveillance software may be legal or illegal based on its application. In the United States, employee monitoring software is generally legal if the employer has a legitimate business-related reason.
While tools like legitimate keyloggers can track an employee’s every action on workplace property, storing non-business private data could pose a legal risk. In cases of illegal use, such software would be considered spyware rather than riskware.
Some software is explicitly illegal and is better classified as malware. However, these tools can also have legitimate purposes. For example, hacking tools are malicious when used by black-hat hackers to compromise systems they do not own, but the same tools can be used by white-hat hackers to test a company’s software and identify security vulnerabilities.
Software that Monitors User Behavior
Monitoring user behavior is often a characteristic of riskware due to the inherent risks associated with data collection. Besides the legal implications, the data collected can also become vulnerable to hackers.
Surveillance software introduces various security risks to device users. For instance, some parents use monitoring software on their children’s mobile phones. If the software vendor has not adequately secured their servers, they could be breached by hackers, potentially exposing sensitive information such as the children’s location to unauthorized individuals.
Feedback from users for product development purposes can also pose risks, both to the monitored users and to the company itself. For example, large corporations that collect extensive user data can become lucrative targets for cybercriminals.
Instances of enterprise data breaches have exposed user passwords and other sensitive information in the past. If data from a keylogger were to be exposed, it could lead to identity theft and cause lasting damage to a company’s reputation.
Software that Provides Access for Malware
Riskware can act as a pathway to malware when it is bundled with or modified for malicious purposes.
Instances of co-installation with malware have been observed, particularly with shareware. When installing new programs, bundled software may attempt to install unless explicitly opted out. While some bundled software may be safe, secondary programs from third parties often lack thorough safety vetting. Thus, the initial application can be classified as riskware due to the potential risks it introduces.
Adware represents another type of risky program to download and use. Similar to secondary bundled software, advertisements displayed in free sponsor-supported applications may lack quality control. Malicious ads have the potential to redirect users to unsafe websites or initiate dangerous downloads, making adware a form of riskware.
Software that Violates TOS of Other Software
When software violates the terms of use of another program, it inherently falls under the category of riskware.
For instance, cracking software explicitly breaches the terms of service of other software. Such software is designed to circumvent or disable copy protections, allowing the unauthorized use of illegally obtained software. However, cracking software can also have legitimate uses that classify it as riskware rather than outright spyware.
Cracking programs, for example, may be employed for internal research and development purposes or for educational activities, where their use is entirely legal. White-hat hackers might use these programs to reverse-engineer software and develop patches to mitigate the risks associated with terms-of-service-violating riskware.
How Riskware Can Affect You
Endpoint users bear the brunt of the impact caused by the misuse and exploitation of riskware. The primary issues typically boil down to:
- System hijacking and unauthorized access
- Legal complications
- Disruptions to computer systems or networks
In many instances, legitimate riskware can be manipulated to function as malware. Attackers may then distribute it either as a direct assault or as a backdoor for loading other malware onto your system.
Given the abundance of legitimate programs that malicious users can utilize for illicit purposes, distinguishing which programs pose a risk can be challenging for users. For example, remote administration programs are commonly employed by systems administrators and helpdesks to diagnose and resolve user computer issues.
However, if such a program is installed by a malicious user, they gain remote access to your computer. With unauthorized control over your machine, they can manipulate it in various ways.
Malicious programs often install the mIRC client in system folders for future nefarious activities. Detecting mIRC in these folders typically indicates a computer infection by a malicious program.
How to Spot Potential Riskware Threats
You likely understand by now that the danger posed by riskware depends on its functionalities. Unfortunately, this complexity can make more serious riskware threats difficult to identify.
To simplify your assessment, consider asking yourself the following questions:
- Do I know how this software was installed on my system? Some riskware may come bundled with your operating system, but all software should ideally require your explicit authorization. If not, it should raise a red flag.
- What permissions does this application have? Access to the registry, camera, microphone, contacts, and other extensive permissions can pose inherent risks to your security.
- Is this software still receiving updates from its developer? Unsupported software is often targeted by hackers looking for vulnerabilities, assuming users continue to expose themselves. Be cautious if using an outdated operating system or applications.
- Does this software enable illegal activities? While some software operates in legal grey areas, most pirated programs or tools to disable copy protection are illegal. Avoid using software intended for fraudulent activities to maintain safety.
- Does this software violate the terms of service of another application? Review the terms of service for applications that interact with each other. Software that modifies or disables intentional features of another program may violate terms of service.
Considering these questions can help you evaluate the potential risks associated with any software on your system more effectively.
How to Prevent Riskware Attacks
Protecting against riskware can be challenging because it requires vigilance with all software you utilize. However, having tools to identify potential risks can simplify this task. To safeguard against riskware attacks, begin by using antivirus software and complement it with safe computing practices.
Because there are legitimate reasons why riskware might be on your computer, antivirus solutions may not always distinguish whether a specific instance of riskware poses a threat to you.
Detecting and removing Riskware
There are several reasons why you might suspect that antivirus engine has detected a riskware program.
For instance, if you did not authorize the program’s installation, are unsure of its origin, or have read a description of the program on website that raises safety concerns.
Choosing not to detect Riskware
If you detect riskware programs but are certain that these are programs you have authorized, you may determine that they pose no harm to your devices or data.
Products allow you to disable the detection of these programs or add them to an exceptions list. This ensures that the antivirus engine does not flag this riskware as malicious.
Tips to Prevent Riskware Attacks
In addition to basic antivirus setup and usage tips, safeguarding against riskware hinges on adopting smart computer use practices.
Here are a few fundamental principles to follow when installing or using programs:
- Restrict programs that require admin-level permissions.
- Review all terms of service for legal compliance before installing programs.
- Remove any software that interferes with the proper functioning of essential applications.
- Avoid downloading illegal or explicit content on your devices.
Beyond these fundamentals, consider implementing the following tips to enhance your overall security:
- Download programs and mobile apps exclusively from official vendors.
- Always carefully review prompts and terms before proceeding with any program installation.
- Maintain only authorized programs on your system.
- Limit administrator privileges and deep system access. On traditional computers, refrain from running programs with administrator rights unnecessarily.
- Use a secondary non-administrator account for daily activities. Reserve your primary admin-level account for software installations and specific tasks. Using a non-admin account for regular use limits exposure to exploitable riskware, thereby reducing potential risks.
- Be cautious of software that requests extensive permissions without valid justification. For instance, while a weather app may legitimately require location access, it should not need access to your contacts without a clear reason.
FAQ’s
What is riskware?
Riskware refers to legitimate software that, while not inherently malicious, poses potential risks due to security vulnerabilities, software conflicts, or legal violations. This software can be exploited by cybercriminals for harmful purposes like data theft or system disruption.
How does riskware differ from malware?
Riskware and malware both involve software with functionalities that can be exploited maliciously. The key difference lies in intent: riskware is typically not designed with malicious intent but can be misused, whereas malware is created specifically to cause harm.
How does riskware affect computer systems?
Riskware can lead to system vulnerabilities, unauthorized access, or legal complications. When misused, it can compromise sensitive data, disrupt operations, or provide a gateway for malware installation.
What types of functions does riskware typically perform?
Riskware often requires extensive system access, such as modifying core data, accessing hardware like cameras or microphones, or interacting with crucial system operations such as registry settings.
Is all riskware illegal or malicious?
No, not all riskware is illegal or malicious by default. Some riskware may have legitimate uses but carries risks if improperly used or exploited.
How can users identify potential riskware on their systems?
Users can identify potential riskware by reviewing how software was installed, checking permissions it requests (such as access to sensitive data), verifying update status from developers, and ensuring compliance with terms of service of other applications it interacts with.
Can antivirus software completely protect against riskware?
Antivirus software helps detect and mitigate riskware but cannot always distinguish between harmless and potentially harmful instances. Users should be vigilant and make informed decisions about the software they use.
What should I do if antivirus software detects riskware on my system?
If antivirus software detects riskware, users should assess whether the software poses a threat based on its functionality and intended use. Authorized riskware can be excluded from detection or added to exceptions lists to prevent unnecessary removal.
How can users prevent riskware attacks?
To prevent riskware attacks, users should use antivirus software, practice safe computing habits (like downloading from official sources, reviewing permissions, and limiting admin privileges), and stay informed about potential risks associated with their software.
Are there legal implications of using riskware?
Using riskware that violates software licenses, privacy laws, or terms of service can have legal consequences. Users should ensure they comply with all applicable laws and regulations when using software that may pose risks.
Conclusion
Understanding and managing riskware is essential for maintaining digital security today. While not inherently malicious, riskware poses potential risks that require informed decision-making and proactive cybersecurity practices. Users must be vigilant about the software they install to avoid compromising system integrity or personal data. Antivirus solutions help identify threats, but their effectiveness relies on user awareness and safe computing habits. By limiting privileges, reviewing permissions, and staying updated with patches, individuals can reduce the risk of falling victim to riskware. Combining technological defenses with user responsibility is key to mitigating these digital threats effectively.
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